basal cell lymphoma | Lymphoma

Lymphoma




Definition: Lymphoma
Lymphoma, also more rigorously called malignant lymphoma or lymphosarcoma, is a cancer of the lymphatic system that develops at the expense of lymphocytes. It is characterized by malignant cell proliferations (or cancers) that originated in a secondary lymphoid organ: lymph nodes, spleen or lymphoid tissues associated with mucous membranes (including digestive and respiratory). Lymphomas, like Leukemias, are part of the malignant hemic.

Lymphomas are often revealed by the discovery of a lymphadenopathy. It can extend to any part of the lymphatic system, which includes bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, which normally ensures the body's immune defense against bacteria, Pests, toxins, foreign bodies, etc.

= = Organs Affected = = These are mainly lymphoid organs: * spleen * liver * bone marrow * lymph nodes * thymus * lungs

= = Lymphoma Types = = = = = Lymphomas Hodgkin = = =

Hodgkin's disease or Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of large atypical cells, Reed-Sternberg cells.

= = = Non-Hodgkin lymphoma = = =

Most non-Hodgkin lymphomas are distinguished according to their degree of malignancy: * Non-Hodgkin lymphomas indolent (low malignancy); * Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (high malignancy); * Other lymphomas. It's a very strong and rapid cancer increase all over the world. In France, where the incidence rate is intermediate between high-impact countries such as the United States and Australia, and less-affected countries in Asia, the increase in the average annual incidence rate was 3.8% for men and 3.5% for Woman. However, the mortality rate was higher in women (+ 5.1%) than in men (+ 3.9%). It is the most common malignant hemopathy, and cancer in Europe. Overall, the number of cases reported to has been multiplied by two in thirty years. The search for the causes of this increase has given rise to many studies. Some have found conclusive results on the influence of the factors studied (virus-type infectious agents associated with certain forms — Epstein-Barr virus, HHV8, HIV, HTLV-1, hepatitis C — or bacterium — Helicobacter pylori — obesity and diet too High in fat and meat, dioxins incorporated in pesticides or emitted from environmental discharges, for others this influence is limited or non-probative or even zero (tobacco, nitrates, ionizing radiation) or contested (exposure to the sun).

= = Toxicology = = Several environmental risk factors are known: * exposure to solvents; According to an American study of 2008 involving female employees in Connecticut (including 601 with lymphoma from 1996 to 2000), women's exposure to chlorinated solvents resulted in a 40% increase in the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and more than 100% In the case of Tetrachloromethane. Exposure to any organic solvent increases the risk of developing an NHL according to this study; * Exposure to pesticides, among farmers in particular: a study of 2009, on the French male population, showed that the incidence of lymphomas was two to three times higher among farmers; * Exposure to tricyclic antidepressants: A student publication case and control, shows an increase of 1.2 times the risk in case of prolonged use, with a low level of statistical evidence, both globally and for a subtype Particular NHL.

= = Genetic predisposition or mutagenic nature of pesticides? = = by looking for predictive lymphoma biomarkers in people exposed to pesticides, from the INSERM Agrican database, OM researchers found in the blood of participants in the AGRICAN study of abnormal cells that appear to be the precursors of tumor cells constituting follicular lymphomas. 

According to Bertrand Nadel, these biomarkers, and this genetic anomaly would cause a fragment of chromosome 14 to detach from it to activate an oncogene located on chromosome 18. Because the expression of this oncogene is no longer inhibited, cells that should have died will proliferate.

People more exposed to pesticides than the average to present in their blood lymphocytes this genetic anomaly, it appears that pesticides can be responsible for harmful breakage and mutation of DNA. 

Other effects are associated with this anomaly, including a general instability of the genome: two genes are expressed at the same time whereas normally they are not, allowing abnormal cells to withstand the mechanisms of programmed cell death, Adds Bertrand Nadel. 

About 50% of the French population carries the translocation, or about 30 million of French, but less than one person on declares this type of cancer. ]] Taken together, lymphomas account for 5.3% of all cancers (excluding basal skin cell cancer) in the United States and 55.6% of all blood cancers.

According to the ' ' ', lymphomas account for about five percent of all cancer cases in the United States, and Hodgkin's lymphoma in particular occurs in less than one percent of cases. Since the entire lymphatic system is part of the body's immune system, patients with weakened immune systems, such as in the case of HIV infection or the use of certain drugs or drugs, are also Exposed to an increased risk of developing lymphoma.

A study of children with severe immunological pathologies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma) has demonstrated their severe zinc and magnesium deficiencies but does not give cause.

= = Search = = The Jurkat cell line used in research is derived from this type of lymphoma.